PCL Reconstruction

PCL reconstruction is a surgical procedure that involves the use of a graft to repair or replace a damaged PCL in the knee joint. The graft is typically taken from the patient’s own body or a donor and is attached to the femur and tibia bones using screws or other devices PCL reconstruction is a surgical procedure that involves the use of a graft to repair or replace a damaged PCL in the knee joint. The graft is typically taken from the patient’s own body or a donor and is attached to the femur and tibia bones using screws or other devices.

Conditions treated with PCL Reconstruction:

• 1.PCL injury: PCL reconstruction is typically performed on patients who have suffered a PCL tear or rupture due to sports injuries or other traumatic events.
• 2.Multiligament knee injuries: PCL reconstruction may be recommended for patients who have sustained multiple ligament injuries in the knee, including the PCL.
• 3.Chronic PCL instability: Patients who experience chronic PCL instability due to a previous injury may also benefit from PCL reconstruction.

MCL Reconstruction

MCL (Medial Collateral Ligament) reconstruction is a surgical procedure that is used to repair or replace a damaged MCL in the knee joint. The MCL is one of the four major ligaments that provide stability to the knee joint. Here is some information about MCL reconstruction and what patients can expect from the procedure. MCL reconstruction is a surgical procedure that involves the use of a graft to repair or replace a damaged MCL in the knee joint. The graft is typically taken from the patient’s own body or a donor and is attached to the femur and tibia bones using screws or other devices.

Conditions treated with MCL Reconstruction:

• 1.MCL injury: MCL reconstruction is typically performed on patients who have suffered an MCL tear or rupture due to sports injuries or other traumatic events.
• 2.Chronic MCL instability: Patients who experience chronic MCL instability due to a previous injury may also benefit from MCL reconstruction.

Menstrual Injury

“Menstrual injury” is not a recognized medical term. However, there are several conditions that can cause menstrual-related pain or injury. Here is some information about some of the common menstrual-related conditions that can cause pain or injury.

Dysmenorrhea:

Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for menstrual cramps, which can cause pain in the lower abdomen, back, and thighs. Dysmenorrhea can be caused by the release of prostaglandins during menstruation, which can cause the uterus to contract and cause pain. Mild to moderate dysmenorrhea can often be managed with over-the-counter pain medications such as ibuprofen.

Endometriosis:

Endometriosis is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, such as in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other organs in the pelvis. Endometriosis can cause painful periods, pelvic pain, and infertility. Treatment for endometriosis may include pain management, hormone therapy, or surgery to remove the endometrial tissue.

Fibroids:

Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths that can develop in the uterus. Fibroids can cause heavy menstrual bleeding, pain, and pressure in the pelvis. Treatment for fibroids may include pain management, hormone therapy, or surgery to remove the fibroids.

What are the symptoms of chondral defect?

The purpose of articular cartilage is to provide smooth movement between the bones that make up the joint. A focal injury to the cartilage can cause pain, joint stiffness, intermittent swelling, and catching or locking of the knee joint when there is a loose fragment of cartilage.

How is chondral injury diagnosed?

Doctor will review the patient’s health history and ask about the circumstances surrounding the injury, activities that cause pain, and identify the patient’s future activity goals. The physical examination will test joint laxity, joint line pain, misalignment, and assess range of motion, stability, and gait. However, physical exam alone may not reveal the damage. X-rays will rule out arthritis, bony defects, and misalignment. Other imaging may also be ordered such as MRI. MRI is a sensitive technique to diagnose chondral injuries. However, the most reliable diagnosis is made with knee arthroscopy using a small camera inserted into the joint where the lesion can also be treated, measured, or biopsied if further treatment is needed down the line.

Chondral Defect

A chondral defect refers to a specific, localized area of damage to the articular cartilage that lines the ends of the bones (like a tile missing in the floor). Articular cartilage is the coating of the bones and allows for smooth motion between the ends of the bones. It is a common injury affecting 5-10% of people over age 40, but it can also affect young patients that experience traumatic injuries. Damage to knee cartilage can lead to osteoarthritis of the knee over time.

What causes a chondral defect?

Damage is typically caused by an acute traumatic injury such a sudden pivot or twist with a bent knee, or a fall or direct blow to the knee. When the underlying bone beneath the cartilage is also damaged it is called an osteochondral injury.

What are the symptoms of chondral defect?

The purpose of articular cartilage is to provide smooth movement between the bones that make up the joint. A focal injury to the cartilage can cause pain, joint stiffness, intermittent swelling, and catching or locking of the knee joint when there is a loose fragment of cartilage.

How is chondral injury diagnosed?

Doctor will review the patient’s health history and ask about the circumstances surrounding the injury, activities that cause pain, and identify the patient’s future activity goals. The physical examination will test joint laxity, joint line pain, misalignment, and assess range of motion, stability, and gait. However, physical exam alone may not reveal the damage. X-rays will rule out arthritis, bony defects, and misalignment. Other imaging may also be ordered such as MRI. MRI is a sensitive technique to diagnose chondral injuries. However, the most reliable diagnosis is made with knee arthroscopy using a small camera inserted into the joint where the lesion can also be treated, measured, or biopsied if further treatment is needed down the line.

Lateral Ligament Complex

The lateral ligament complex refers to a group of ligaments found on the lateral (outer) aspect of certain joints in the body. These ligaments are essential for providing stability and support to the joint, especially during movements that involve side-to-side or rotational motions. Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL): This ligament connects the talus bone (located in the foot) to the fibula (one of the lower leg bones). It is one of the most commonly injured ligaments in ankle sprains.Calcaneofibular Ligament (CFL): This ligament also connects the fibula to the calcaneus (heel bone) and works together with the ATFL to stabilize the lateral aspect of the ankle joint.

The most commonly mentioned lateral ligament complex is found in the ankle joint. In the ankle, the complex consists of three main ligaments:

• 1.Anterior Talofibular Ligament (ATFL): This ligament connects the front of the fibula bone (located on the outside of the lower leg) to the talus bone (one of the bones in the foot). It is the most commonly injured ligament in ankle sprains.
• 2.Calcaneofibular Ligament (CFL): This ligament connects the fibula to the calcaneus bone (heel bone) and runs along the outside of the ankle joint. It provides stability against inversion (rolling the ankle inward).
• 3.Posterior Talofibular Ligament (PTFL): This ligament connects the back of the fibula to the talus bone and provides stability against extreme inversion or twisting.